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中国人最容易犯的英汉翻译不正确总结概括一个词成为一个句 闻名翻译家奈达说,“翻译就是翻译意思”。言外之意,翻译一句话不可以逐个翻译一串个别的单词,也不是翻译某种句子结构。刚开始学翻译的人之所以译得非常不好,就是由于脱离不成原文各个单词句结构的影响,总感到英语中每一个词译成汉语都是一个词。殊不知,为理解释明白原文的意思,有时要将一个词译成几个词,乃至于一个短句。这就是翻译中对某些词的‘增益’。 例如,英语中有点单词相当于汉语的一个词和词组:read“看书”,drive“开车”,giggle“咯咯地笑”,stumble“拌蒜而行”,等等。这些个相对而言还比较简单,普通英汉辞典上都能抄获得。 再如,英语句子中有数量多的“副词+动词”的结构(副词也有可能在动词在这以后)。在不少事情状况下这种结构可以译成汉语“副词+动词”的偏正结构(汉语中副词修饰动词时只能放在动词之前),人们往往用“……地”来译全部的英语副词,如: (1)They were patiently listening to him. 它们在耐性地听他讲。 (2)He quickly stood up. 他很快地起立来。 (3)I will gladly join you in the work. 我会乐意地和你一块儿办公。 这三句中都用了“地”字结构,第1句还可以,后两句就显得有些“翻译腔”,“地”字仿佛好象可以省去,可作别改译为:“他很快起立来”和“我乐意和你一块儿办公”。不过这三句中的副词和动词毅然译成了偏正结构,这是由于三句中的副词表达的是动作的形式。 不过,是不是英语中全部的这种结构都可以这样译呢?请大家思索问题一下子下边这一句应怎么样翻译: This is a NATO matter and any comment on it should appropriately come from NATO. 将appropriately come from NATO译成“合宜地来自北约”显然不通。从意义上看,appropriately与其说是表达动作come的形式,不如说是表达其最后结果,因为这个该词应抽出来放到后面,将此句译为:这是北约的问题,关于此问题的述评应由北约做出,这才是相宜的。 再请看下边这一句: Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof. 如将此句照字面儿译成“公检法部门不可以负责任地冷漠”会让人不知说什么。问题在responsibly这个词的处置上,它也不表明动作的形式而是表达一种最后结果,因为这个可将此句译为: 公检法部门对此漠不关心,那就是失责。 例如: 1. In the late 14th century, Marco Polo famously made his way along trade routes from Italy to China. 2. Their commander wisely judged to be safer in their works than in the field. 在翻译副词修饰形容词或另一个副词的结构时,有时候也不可以一并译成“……地”结构,而需求将该副词抽出来加以增益,能力解释明白其涵义,如: 3. Chimpanzees are the animals closest biologically to humans. 4. Tami said it was possible, just statistically unlikely. 5. The second child she dreamed of might now be medically impossible. 6. Only 18 percent are officially unemployed. 7. Real-estate prices in downtown Manhattan looked prohibitively expensive. 8. She was re马克ably silent when the others all talked and laughed. 9. It was a vast and treacherous landscape, but breath-takingly beautiful. 10. A schoolmaster, finding such errors in a schoolboy’s essay, would be justly indignant.
有时,形容词做定语或名词性谓语时,也没有办法用一个词将其意思充分表现出来,翻译这个形容词时也需求施行增益,如: 12. The sleek turbines of the American windmills made economic and ecological sense. 13. Now we stay a respectful distance him. 当然不可以将a respectful distance译为“尊崇的距离”,应将这一句译成“利来·国际对他敬而远之”。 14. He had a sound feeling that idioms were the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phrases. 15. The prisoners of war are allowed to write censored letter. 16. We should be very cautious when buying expensive things and ask ourselves if we are making a wise purchase. 又如:I wouldn’t have eaten it, only I’m too ladylike to take it out of my mouth. 这一句中的ladylike很难用一个汉字词来表现,其意思是“像个有抚养的女人那样子”。这一句无防译成:“我压根儿没想到吃,只是感到再从嘴里拿出来不太文雅。”
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